Your answer is correct Ed, but that is a LABORATORY numer, not the real world. First you wrote: “dry desert with low levels of humidity” and then you reported relative humidity data. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree.... Gunsmoke was a popular television program made up of actors, but do you know what gunpowder is made of? Graphite fibres of considerable tensile strength are obtained by carbonizing natural and synthetic organic fibres. ‘COVID-19: The Politics of a Pandemic Moral Panic’ – Book Excerpt, Researchers: people irrationally reject anti-lockdown findings, Israeli Scientists Prove Trump Correct on UV Light Killing COVID19, ‘This Is Not a Vaccine, it Is Irreversible Genetic Modification’ say Doctor, Coronavirus – A perspective from Britain Part 18, Solar flare in 774 AD changed Earth’s atmospheric chemistry, Science That Doesn’t Add Up: A Discussion Paper, Professor Dolores Cahill: People Will Start Dying After COVID Vaccine, Greenhouse Gas? It is the fourth most abundant element in the universe, and it plays a crucial role in the health and stability of the planet through the carbon cycle. There is no way that they could blame the human race for Water Vapour. A small plane trying to contact the ground could have its signal jammed by a ground based transmitter of higher power. July 41/28 32/21 Carbon atoms are arranged in a regular pattern, meaning carbon is solid at room temperature. (Scattering is NOT absorption.) Graphite, on the other hand, is a soft slippery solid that is a good conductor of both heat and electricity. Graphite occurs naturally in many areas, the deposits of major importance being in China, India, Brazil, Turkey, Mexico, Canada, Russia, and Madagascar. The detailed knowledge from these measurements is embedded in the MODTRAN and HITRAN databases, which present in great detail how much IR is absorbed at different wavelengths under different atmospheric conditions. Modern carbon chemistry dates from the development of coals, petroleum, and natural gas as fuels and from the elucidation of synthetic organic chemistry, both substantially developed since the 1800s. Yet it is rather i…, Copernicus Meets the Greenhouse Effect (PDF), Absence Of A Measurable Greenhouse Effect, Greenhouse Effect Theory Within the UN IPCC, Why CO2 Has Nothing To Do With Temperature, The Planck Blackbody Equation and Atmospheric Radiative Transfer, Finite Element Model for Atmospheric IR-Absorption, One-way heat flow formulation with Planck absorption and re-emission, Alternative Theory To Man-Made CO2’s Influence On Climate, Keynesian Economics’ Relationship To Economic Prolems. From the Latin word carbo:charcoal. It is not an opinion. You wrote: “When Feynman (and others) talk about induced or stimulated emission, they are talking about phenomena such as fluorescence, which are not relevant here.” Long ago Newton wrote (The Principia as translation by Motte): “Therefore to the same natural effects we must, as far as possible, assign the same causes. PRINCIPIA SCIENTIFIC INTERNATIONAL is legally registered in the UK as a company incorporated for charitable purposes. Hi James, You have just made my point. Elemental carbon is an inert substance, which is insoluble in water, diluted acids and bases, as well as organic solvents. Their reasoning is puerile. Graphite is simply a form of solid carbon. Would that then mean that 50% is staying within our lower atmospher and the balance is escaping into space??? Pure diamond is the hardest naturally occurring substance known and is a poor conductor of electricity. GRAVISPHERES: What’s the matter with Dark Matter? Cheers. Because it conducts electricity but does not melt, graphite is also used for electrodes in electric furnaces and dry cells as well as for making crucibles in which metals are melted. Subsequently, chromium, manganese, cobalt, nickel, and tantalum were substituted for iron. It appears in climate-warming debates, but it doesn’t seem to be really proven by science. Hence .. no back radiation can exist to warm the earth. Learn more about the building blocks of substances in this materials and components quiz. A chemical element is a substance that cannot be further broken down by any chemical reaction. The element carbon is also important, however, outside the chemistry of living things. The first one seems to have no comments section but I will ask a question at the second one. Atomic form of carbon is very short lived and readily stabilizes in multi-atomic configurations. Yes, it is a fact. Atlanta is partly cloudy year round. It is nonmetallic and tetravalent—making four electrons available to form covalent chemical bonds. Answered May 16, 2017 Carbon dioxide is a compound because it is two elements chemically combined. Then why would any CO2 that absorbs IR; which is then thermalized; and re-radiated at other wavelengths; not be “jammed” by the stronger outgoing IR from earth? In 1961 the isotope carbon-12 was selected to replace oxygen as the standard relative to which the atomic weights of all the other elements are measured. Thanks Ed, But a bigger cooling effect during the day. Learn about carbon and how it forms the basis of life. If the radiative greenhouse effect of back radiation is correct the higher water vapour levels (and cloud) at Atlanta should cause that city to be warmer than Phoenix. It is a direct affront to Great Nature – it is like spitting in the face of God the Creator. when there are number it most likely is a compound. As a simple example, if the absorbing object is half the absolute temperature of the original source of the light, its subsequent spontaneous emission will be 1/16 (1/2^4) of the absorbed (for the same emissivity). With hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and other elements, it forms a very large number of compounds, carbon atom often being linked to another carbon atom. A better crystallized form, known as pyrolytic graphite, is obtained from the decomposition of low-molecular-weight hydrocarbons by heat. Both surface- and deep-mining techniques are used, followed by flotation, but the major portion of commercial graphite is produced by heating petroleum coke in an electric furnace. Head Office: 27 Old Gloucester Street, London WC1N 3AX. I am aware that relative humidity is not the same as humidity (details of which I have not found). In fact, the same element that our prehistoric ancestors burned as charcoal may be the key to next-generation tech materials.In 1985, Rick Smalley and Robert Curl of Rice University in Texas and their colleagues discovered a new form of carbon. This means carbon is an element. In diamond, each carbon atom bonds to four others in a dense network that makes the material the hardest substance known. Most of the conclusions of the Warmists can be shown to be not only unscientific, but also totally illogical. However, no one could, or can, directly see that cloud scatters some portion of the invisible infrared IR radiation being emitted from the surface (because of the surface’s temperature) back toward the surface. The atomic number of an element is equal to the number of protons in each atom, and defines the element. You believe I do not know that scattering is not absorption? The procedure involved the simultaneous use of extremely high pressure and temperature with iron as a solvent or catalyst. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Unlike most elements, pure carbon can exist in different forms. I was under the impression clouds had a warming effect at night. Q-carbon, which is created by rapidly cooling a sample of elemental carbon whose temperature has been raised to 4,000 K (3,727 °C [6,740 °F]), is harder than diamond, and it can be used to manufacture diamond structures (such as diamond films and microneedles) within its matrix. While there is no truth, only briefs; there are observed facts which cannot be debated. And this is true even with Atlanta’s greater cloud cover, which you mention, but don’t consider itscooling effect. various others) I can direct you to several 100 pie charts of atmospheric content where not one mentions Water Vapor!! Carbon is an element of the Periodic Table. Three isotopes occur naturally, C and C being stable, while C is a radionuclide, decaying with a half-life of about 5,730 years. All the trash that is trumpeted about emissions of Carbon Dioxide is just that – trash! Located between boron (B) and nitrogen (N), it is a very stable element. They are two separate processes. This is indeed curious, since this gas is used to make Dry Ice; it is used in Fire Extinguishers and also in Nurseries to speed up the growth of tomatoes, for example. Carbon is one of the few elements known since antiquity. Elemental carbon is nontoxic. I think that accurate measurements (if possible at all! But yeah, graphite is simply a whole bunch of carbons bound together. Carbon atoms may have different numbers of neutrons; atoms of the same element having different numbers of neutrons are known as isotopes of the element. The term element is used to refer to a sample of matter containing only one type of atom. The primary source of diamonds is a soft bluish peridotic rock called kimberlite (after the famous deposit at Kimberley, South Africa), found in volcanic structures called pipes, but many diamonds occur in alluvial deposits presumably resulting from the weathering of primary sources. Carbon in the form of microscopic diamonds is found in some meteorites. In this context I believe we need to consider the follow from The Feynman Lectures of Physics (pp 42-9). This data clearly shows that air temperatures are not valid proxy for surface temperatures. Anthony wrote an excellent essay and for whatever reasons, a fair number of different people have contributed comments. The name they used, carbone, is based on the earlier Latin term for charcoal, charbon. Lessons From A Chicken Wire Stack On Moon, Global Cooling: Beware the Snowman Cometh. In 1787, four French chemists wrote a book outlining a method for naming chemical substances. There has been a strange madness with only comparing C02 to temperature in arguments. However the term atom refers to the individual particles of the substance - … Why is carbon an important element? Now since we all know from experience that heat flows by itself from hot to cold – which is the second law of Thermodynamics – and which has just been impressed on me again as my wife just prepared a hot supper, urging me to get to the table in time, the very idea that these tiny molecules become a barrier high up in the atmosphere to cause warming is just a ridiculous conclusion. And I believe your essay deserves more comments than they have received. Carbon (from Latin: carbo "coal") is a chemical element with the symbol C and atomic number 6. Peculiar math: 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen and 1% Trace gases = 100% Trace gases are termed Greenhouse gases, the so called temperature Control Knob. Carbon (C), nonmetallic chemical element in Group 14 (IVa) of the periodic table. Plants obtain carbon from the atmosphere through the process of photosynthesis. carbon the element which is the basis of organic structure. Only gullible simpletons can believe that the temperature of the Planet Earth is controlled by a few molecules of Carbon Dioxide – just 0.04{154653b9ea5f83bbbf00f55de12e21cba2da5b4b158a426ee0e27ae0c1b44117} – in the atmosphere, when we have a raging Sun only some 90 million miles away that is 3,600 times as big as Planet Earth. The volatile by-products are recovered and used separately. Carbon is a chemical element with symbol C with atomic number 6 and atomic mass 12. I just read both of your articles. Synthetic diamonds are now manufactured in several countries and are being used increasingly in place of natural materials as industrial abrasives. Hence, the maximum possible downwelling IR at Atlanta is limited by its surface’s lower temperatures even if the water vapor content of its atmosphere might be greater. #2: My understanding is that C02 re-radiates heat 360 degrees. November 25/10 18/5 Carbon stars are stars whose atmosphere has more carbon than oxygen. Air at 40C and 20% relative humidity (typical for Phoenix in the summer) has a moist enthalpy of 64.5 kJ/kg. Carbon, the sixth most abundant element in the universe, has been known since ancient times. The fourth most abundant element in the Universe after Hydrogen, Helium and Oxygen! Coke and charcoal are nearly pure carbon.) Bone black, or animal charcoal, can adsorb gases and colouring matter from many other materials. You have three major types of carbons: graphite, diamond, and the fullerenes. – 9B population seems high. Diamond and graphite occur naturally on Earth, and they also can be produced synthetically; they are chemically inert but do combine with oxygen at high temperatures, just as amorphous carbon does. Anybody, just anybody these days can look it up in an instant on a smartphone, on a computer. However, another fact is that the designers of the USCRN natural laboratories also boldly placed it an instrument claimed to be capable of measuring surface temperatures. Principia Scientific International (PSI) is a not-for-profit community interest association. Carbon is a naturally abundant nonmetallic element which forms the basis of most living organisms. So I question why these people have not expressed their beliefs relative to these measured surface temperatures which are reviewed in these two postings. It was later found to occur naturally in tiny amounts on Earth and in meteorites. temperature would be 33C less if not for the greenhouse gases of the atmosphere.. And based upon the lack of comments relative to the two posting to which I have directed attention, who can claim to have studied the data which was not available to Arrhenius and needed by him to properly do his radiation balance calculation. Carbon is the chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol C and atomic number 6. For you direct a reader’s attention to important facts. As to respiration in a man and in a beast; the descent of stones in Europe and in America; the light of our culinary fire and of the sun; the reflection of light in the earth, and in the planets.”, Anthony, regarding water vapour as a greenhouse gas, below is a comparison of climate data between Phoenix, Arizona and Atlanta, Georgia. Could someone explain the math???? What does that mean? Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. I’m not sure the same can be said about the edge of the earth’s atmosphere, with the “empty universe” on one side, all in a low density medium. It is present as both as pure elemental carbon and also as complex with other elements. For the last two decades we have all been bombarded by voices calling for a Carbon Free environment. The word carbon probably derives from the Latin carbo, meaning variously “coal,” “charcoal,” “ember.” The term diamond, a corruption of the Greek word adamas, “the invincible,” aptly describes the permanence of this crystallized form of carbon, just as graphite, the name for the other crystal form of carbon, derived from the Greek verb graphein, “to write,” reflects its property of leaving a dark mark when rubbed on a surface. The words are definitely different. Until 1955 all diamonds were obtained from natural deposits, most significant in southern Africa but occurring also in Brazil, Venezuela, Guyana, and Siberia. Here are two questions. March 25/11 19/6 Because the water vapor content is so variable, the percentages of the other gases are customarily given for “dry air” — no water vapor content. So there is no doubt about it at all. The absorption is proportional to the intensity of incoming light, and as he notes, the spontaneous emission is NOT. Far from being a pollutant, this gas is a source of life, without which we, and all the animal kingdom, would have been decimated long ago. One of the most important chemical elements is carbon. Isolated finds around the world in regions where no sources are indicated have not been uncommon. This cycle is extremely complex, and it illustrates the interconnection between organisms on Earth. Elemental carbon exists in several forms, each of which has its own physical characteristics. A natural sequence of chemical reactions called the carbon cycle—involving conversion of atmospheric carbon dioxide to carbohydrates by photosynthesis in plants, the consumption of these carbohydrates by animals and oxidation of them through metabolism to produce carbon dioxide and other products, and the return of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere—is one of the most important of all biological processes. A carbon atom is capable of combining with up to four other atoms (tetravalent), including other carbon atoms; it is this property that allows so many compounds to be formed. Although widely distributed in nature, carbon is not particularly plentiful—it makes up only about 0.025 percent of Earth’s crust—yet it forms more compounds than all the other elements combined. A fourth form, called Q-carbon, is crystalline and magnetic. Carbon is unique among the elements in the vast number and variety of compounds it can form. 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